Often this can infer collective decision-making, collective information sharing, collective participation in consent processes, collective support for research data collection, collective analysis of results and participation in dissemination of results.
This value requires an understanding of the appropriateness of privacy and confidentiality, to prevent harmful effects from disclosure of information, prioritise collective participation in establishing the goals and benefits of a research proposal, and empower research partnerships. Manaakitanga relates to cultural and social responsibility and respect for people.Aroha (respect, love), generosity, sharing and hosting are essential parts of manaakitanga, as is upholding the mana of all parties. Manaakitanga refers to caring for others, nurturing relationships and being careful in the way we treat others.Researchers should engage with communities about which research questions are important, and reflect on the ethical issues associated with their study.Tika requires respectful relationships with Māori in all studies, regardless of the research design and methods.Importantly, in the context of ethics it relates to the design of a study, and whether the research achieves proposed outcomes, benefits participants and communities and brings about positive change. Tika refers to what is right and what is good for any particular situation.Figure 2.1 – Overview of Te Ara Tika and bioethics principlesĢ.2 Te Ara Tika principles are tika, manaakitanga, whakapapa and mana. The application and weighting of these considerations will vary depending on the nature and circumstances of the study in question. The discussion that follows explains each principle in more detail.Ģ.1 Researchers should consider the features of a proposed study in light of these ethical principles, and should then satisfactorily resolve any ethical issues raised by the study. The principlesįigure 2.1 summarises the two sets of principles. A well-designed research project will mitigate against obstacles and identify necessary solutions. When the principles are described in the abstract, outside of a specific context, it may become more challenging for researchers to realise them all simultaneously they may make incompatible demands on researchers. In all cases, their use requires consideration of context and a well-reasoned justification. The principles are guides to support ethical decision-making, and should not be used as rules. For example, the guideline that participants give their informed consent to participate comes from the principle of respect for people, and from the principles of mana and manaakitanga.
These two sets of principles are the ethical sources of the more specific standards set out in the following chapters. When used together, the two sets address ethical positions of different societies, thereby strengthening ethical discourse in New Zealand. However, they do have important common ground in one sense: they involve knowledge discovery through respectful and rights-based engagement between researchers, participants and communities to advance health and wellbeing. No assumption is made that they cover the same ground in all cases. These Standards do not ethically or conceptually prioritise either of the two sets of principles. The principles presented in this chapter represent the ethical sources of the more specific ‘musts’ and ‘shoulds’ within the detailed standards in the chapters that follow. The bioethics principles that appear here have been used in many sets of human research ethics guidelines, which have carefully established and developed their implications. Te Ara Tika is a set of Māori ethical principles that draws on a foundation of tikanga (Māori protocols and practices) ‘Te Ara Tika’ means ‘to follow the right path’ and is used in this document as a generic set of principles commonly shared by many generations and communities of Māori however, they have application to all people in Aotearoa New Zealand (Hudson et al.
This section sets out two sets of principles that collectively form the basis for these standards: Te Ara Tika principles and bioethics principles.
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